{"categories":"CongenitalHypocoagulability,CongenitalHypocoagulability,Adult,Adult,BodyObject","keywords":"von Willebrand disease,von Willebrand disease,45 to 64 middle,19 to 44 younger,Blood","abstract":"\u003cp\u003eVon Willebrand disease \u0026mdash; Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, causes, treatment of this bleeding disorder.\u003c/p\u003e","title":"Von Willebrand disease","body":"\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eDefinition\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eVon Willebrand disease is a condition that can cause extended or excessive bleeding. The condition is most often inherited but in rare cases may develop later in life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cause of von Willebrand disease is a deficiency in or impairment of a protein called von Willebrand factor, an important component in your blood-clotting process. In general, it takes longer for people with von Willebrand disease to form clots and stop bleeding when they're cut.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment of von Willebrand disease focuses on stopping or preventing bleeding episodes, typically by using medications. With the right treatment, most people with von Willebrand disease can lead relatively normal, healthy lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eSymptoms\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn many people with von Willebrand disease (vWD), the signs are mild or they may be absent altogether. When signs occur, their intensity can vary from one person to another. Von Willebrand disease is often challenging to diagnose, especially in milder cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbnormal bleeding is the most common sign of von Willebrand disease, although it may be present at only moderate levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe abnormal bleeding associated with von Willebrand disease may occur as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eRecurrent and prolonged nosebleeds\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBleeding from the gums\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eIncreased menstrual flow\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eExcessive bleeding from a cut or following a tooth extraction or other dental procedure\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBlood in the stool or urine\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBleeding from shaving with a razor or other similarly minor injury\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeople with von Willebrand disease may also experience:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eEasy bruising\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBruises with lumps that form underneath the skin\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome people may realize that they have a bleeding disorder only after a surgical procedure or serious trauma in which excessive bleeding occurs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eSigns and symptoms of von Willebrand disease in women\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy menstrual bleeding is often the main sign of von Willebrand disease in women. However, women with von Willebrand disease may go undiagnosed because they're not overly concerned about their prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding. And doctors may overlook heavy menstrual bleeding as a possible indicator of von Willebrand disease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigns and symptoms of an abnormally heavy period that may indicate von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe presence in your menstrual flow of blood clots greater than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe need to change your menstrual pad or tampon more often than hourly\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe need to use double sanitary protection to control menstrual flow\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eSymptoms of anemia, including tiredness, fatigue or shortness of breath\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhen to see a doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eContact your doctor if you're experiencing extended or severe bleeding from any source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you're scheduled to have surgery (including dental procedures), make sure your doctor or dentist knows that you have von Willebrand disease, which can increase the likelihood of postsurgical bleeding. Also be sure to mention if anyone in your family has a history of excessive bleeding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsider wearing a medical ID bracelet noting that you have von Willebrand disease in case you are in an accident and are taken to an emergency room. Also carry a medical alert card in your wallet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eCauses\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe usual cause of von Willebrand disease is an inherited defect in the gene that controls von Willebrand factor, a protein that plays a key role in your blood-clotting process. When von Willebrand factor is scarce \u0026mdash; or not functioning properly because of structural abnormalities \u0026mdash; small blood cells called platelets cannot stick together properly, nor can they attach themselves normally to the blood vessel walls when an injury has occurred. The result is interference with the clotting process, and uncontrolled bleeding may persist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVon Willebrand factor carries an additional substance, called factor VIII, that helps stimulate clotting. Many people with von Willebrand disease also have low levels of factor VIII.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRarely, von Willebrand disease can develop later in life in people who didn't inherit an abnormal gene from a parent. This is known as acquired von Willebrand disease. The exact cause of this type of von Willebrand disease isn't clear. It may be an autoimmune disease, or it may be linked to a slow thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) or to certain medications, such as the anti-seizure medication valproic acid (Depakene) or the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eRisk factors\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eA family history of von Willebrand disease is the leading risk factor. A parent can pass the abnormal gene for the disease to his or her child.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost cases are \"autosomal dominant inherited\" disorders, which means you only need an abnormal gene from one parent to be affected. If you have the gene for von Willebrand disease, you have a 50 percent chance of transmitting this gene to your offspring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most severe form of the condition (type 3) is \"autosomal recessive,\" which means both of your parents have to pass an abnormal gene to you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eComplications\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplications of von Willebrand disease may include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnemia.\u003c/strong\u003e Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding can develop iron deficiency anemia.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwelling and pain.\u003c/strong\u003e If abnormal bleeding occurs in the joints or soft tissue, swelling and severe pain can result.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeath from bleeding.\u003c/strong\u003e When abnormal bleeding can't be controlled, it can become life-threatening and needs emergency medical attention.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003ePreparing for your appointment\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eYou're likely to start by seeing your family doctor if you suspect you have a bleeding problem. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of bleeding disorders (hematologist).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you're in the middle of a severe bleeding episode, your doctor may recommend immediate medical care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, including what to expect from the doctor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBe aware of any pre-appointment restrictions.\u003c/strong\u003e At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance. You may need to follow dietary restrictions or fast for eight to 10 hours if blood tests are scheduled.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down any bleeding signs or symptoms you've had,\u003c/strong\u003e including how often, its severity and for how long. For example, your doctor will want to know if you had a history of nosebleeds or easy bruising since childhood or \u0026mdash; for women \u0026mdash; if your periods have been extended and heavy since you first started menstruating.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down key personal information,\u003c/strong\u003e including any major stresses or recent changes \u0026mdash; both positive and negative \u0026mdash; in your life. Include a short description of your typical daily diet. Also mention any contact sports you've played and whether you ever developed excessive bruising after playing.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake a list of your key medical information,\u003c/strong\u003e including other medical problems for which you're being treated. Be sure to mention if any close relatives have a history of easy bleeding. Also write down the names of any medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox). If possible, bring all your medications with you in their original containers.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTake a family member or friend along.\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down questions to ask\u003c/strong\u003e your doctor.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor von Willebrand disease, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat's the most likely reason for my symptoms?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat treatment do you recommend, and how will you monitor whether or not it's working?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat are the possible side effects of the medications you're prescribing?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes this condition increase my risk of any other medical problems?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat steps will I need to take to prevent problems from surgery or dental procedures?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes this condition increase my risk of health problems during pregnancy and childbirth? Are treatment options available to reduce that risk?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eAre my children or other close relatives at increased risk of this condition?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo I need to avoid certain physical activities or types of exercise?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eI have these other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat to expect from your doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over points you want to talk about in-depth. Your doctor may ask:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhen did you first begin having episodes of prolonged or heavy bleeding?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHow often do you have an episode of heavy or prolonged bleeding, and how long do these episodes typically last?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you bruise easily or have recurrent nosebleeds? Did these symptoms begin in childhood?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had bleeding from a small wound that lasted more than 15 minutes or recurred during the week following the wound?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had a nosebleed that lasted more than 10 minutes or needed medical attention?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eFor women, for how many days do your menstrual periods last? How often do you have to change your tampon or sanitary pad during a period? Do you ever notice blood clots in your menstrual flow?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had blood in your stool that wasn't explained by a known medical problem, such as a stomach ulcer or colon polyp?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever needed medical attention for a bleeding problem during or after surgery, dental procedures, childbirth or injury?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had anemia or needed a blood transfusion?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you been diagnosed or treated for other medical problems, including liver or kidney disease, a blood or bone marrow disorder, or an abnormal blood platelet count?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you take pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen? What about blood-thinning medications, such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you take an antidepressant, such as citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil CR, Pexeva, others) or sertraline (Zoloft)?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes anyone in your family have a history of bleeding problems?\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do in the meantime\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile you wait for your appointment, avoid pain relievers that may increase your risk of bleeding episodes, such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. If you need relief for routine aches and pains, try acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) instead.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteer clear of contact sports associated with a high risk of bruising or injury, such as football and hockey. If you have any medical or dental procedures scheduled, tell your doctor or dentist about your history of heavy bleeding from minor injuries. If a scheduled procedure is not urgent, reschedule it until after you've been evaluated for a possible underlying bleeding disorder.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eTests and diagnosis\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause many people with von Willebrand disease have very mild signs, the condition can be difficult to diagnose. If you have any indication of a bleeding disorder, your doctor may refer you to a blood disorders specialist (hematologist). This doctor will perform specific blood tests to diagnose or rule out von Willebrand disease. These tests may be repeated to confirm that the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease is correct and to determine the disease type.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eClassifications of the disease\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are three major types of von Willebrand disease:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 1.\u003c/strong\u003e In this most common form of von Willebrand disease, levels of von Willebrand factor are low. In some people, levels of factor VIII also are low. Signs are usually mild.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 2.\u003c/strong\u003e In this type, which has several subtypes, the von Willebrand factor that is present doesn't function properly. Symptoms tend to be more significant.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 3.\u003c/strong\u003e In this rare type, von Willebrand factor is altogether absent and levels of factor VIII are low. Signs may be severe, such as bleeding into the joints and muscles.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcquired von Willebrand disease.\u003c/strong\u003e This type isn't inherited from your parents. It develops later in life, possibly due to an autoimmune disease, a thyroid condition or certain medications.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eDiagnostic tests\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn general, tests to diagnose von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical history and physical exam.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor will likely begin by asking detailed questions about your medical history since childhood, including specifics about past bleeding episodes. He or she will ask whether your parents or siblings have had bleeding problems. Your doctor will also check for bruises or other signs of recent bleeding.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood tests.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor likely will recommend a combination of blood tests to diagnose von Willebrand disease. The results of these tests can fluctuate in the same person over time due to factors such as stress, excessive exercise, blood transfusions, recent surgery and pregnancy. You may need to have the same tests more than once.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific blood tests your doctor may order include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVon Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen.\u003c/strong\u003e This test determines the level of von Willebrand factor in your blood by measuring the vWF protein (antigen).\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRistocetin cofactor activity.\u003c/strong\u003e This analysis of your blood demonstrates how well the von Willebrand factor works in your clotting process. Ristocetin, which is an antibiotic, is used in this laboratory testing and when added to a sample of your blood causes a reaction in your blood that may indicate von Willebrand disease.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor VIII clotting activity.\u003c/strong\u003e This test shows whether you have abnormally low levels and activity of factor VIII.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVon Willebrand factor multimers.\u003c/strong\u003e This test evaluates the specific structure of von Willebrand factor in your blood, its protein complexes (multimers) and how its molecules break down. This information helps identify the type of von Willebrand disease that's present.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlatelet function test (PFA-100).\u003c/strong\u003e This test measures how efficiently platelets are functioning in your blood.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of some of these tests may not be available right away because the tests are conducted in a specialized laboratory. When these findings are analyzed together, your doctor can make a definite diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf von Willebrand disease is present, your doctor may recommend that family members undergo the same or similar tests to determine if this condition runs in your family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eTreatments and drugs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven though von Willebrand disease is a lifelong condition with no cure, your doctor can treat it effectively. Treatment may vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, as well as your response to previous therapy and other medications you may be taking. The most commonly used treatments for von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesmopressin (DDAVP).\u003c/strong\u003e This medication is administered by injection into a vein or, more commonly, through a nasal spray called Stimate. It's a synthetic hormone, similar to the natural hormone vasopressin, that controls bleeding by stimulating your body to release more von Willebrand factor already stored in the lining of your blood vessels \u0026mdash; thereby enhancing factor VIII levels. DDAVP is usually effective in people with type 1 and some subtypes of type 2 disease.\u003c/p\u003e    \u003cp\u003eMany doctors consider DDAVP the first treatment to use in the management of von Willebrand disease. Some women use the nasal spray at the beginning of their menstrual periods to control excessive bleeding. You can also use it before a minor surgical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e    \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReplacement therapies.\u003c/strong\u003e These consist of infusions of prepared doses of concentrated blood-clotting factors containing von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. They can be useful in all disease types, and your doctor may recommend them if DDAVP isn't effective or particularly if you need treatment for more-severe forms of the disease.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContraceptives.\u003c/strong\u003e These can be useful for controlling heavy bleeding during your menstrual periods. The estrogen hormones present in birth control pills can boost levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII activity. Another option your doctor may recommend is the placement in your uterus of a progesterone-containing contraceptive device, such as Mirena.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-fibrinolytic or clot-stabilizing medications.\u003c/strong\u003e These medications, such as aminocaproic acid (Amicar) and tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron; Lysteda, others), can slow down the breakdown of clotting factors. This can help keep a clot in place once it has formed, putting a stop to bleeding. Doctors often prescribe these drugs before or after a surgical procedure or tooth extraction.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFibrin sealants.\u003c/strong\u003e These substances, applied like a glue using syringes, are placed directly on a cut to curtail bleeding.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf your condition is mild, your doctor might recommend treatment only when you're undergoing surgery or dental extractions or when you've experienced trauma (in an automobile accident, for example).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eLifestyle and home remedies\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo reduce your risk of complications from von Willebrand disease, take these steps:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwitch pain relievers.\u003c/strong\u003e To help prevent bleeding episodes, don't take blood-thinning medications \u0026mdash; such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox) \u0026mdash; without the approval of your doctor. Your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) instead for routine aches and pains and for fever.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTell your doctors and dentist.\u003c/strong\u003e Let your doctors and dentist know that you have von Willebrand disease before you have any type of surgical procedure or receive a new medication prescription.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStay active.\u003c/strong\u003e Keep your weight at normal levels and stay physically active. However, avoid activities that could cause bruising (for example, football, wrestling and hockey). Safe activities that can keep your muscles flexible and joints healthy include walking, bicycling and swimming.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003ePrevention\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause von Willebrand disease is usually an inherited disorder, consider having genetic counseling if you have a family history of this condition and you're planning to have children. If you carry the defective gene for von Willebrand disease, you can pass it on to your offspring, even if you don't have symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","doc_id":"CON-20030195","object_id":"53f350ed-0c95-4665-bb16-37f423643288","updated_at":"2012-06-16","meta_keywords":"","benefit_summary":"","sections":{"Definition":"\u003cp\u003eVon Willebrand disease is a condition that can cause extended or excessive bleeding. The condition is most often inherited but in rare cases may develop later in life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cause of von Willebrand disease is a deficiency in or impairment of a protein called von Willebrand factor, an important component in your blood-clotting process. In general, it takes longer for people with von Willebrand disease to form clots and stop bleeding when they're cut.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment of von Willebrand disease focuses on stopping or preventing bleeding episodes, typically by using medications. With the right treatment, most people with von Willebrand disease can lead relatively normal, healthy lives.\u003c/p\u003e","Symptoms":"\u003cp\u003eIn many people with von Willebrand disease (vWD), the signs are mild or they may be absent altogether. When signs occur, their intensity can vary from one person to another. Von Willebrand disease is often challenging to diagnose, especially in milder cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbnormal bleeding is the most common sign of von Willebrand disease, although it may be present at only moderate levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe abnormal bleeding associated with von Willebrand disease may occur as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eRecurrent and prolonged nosebleeds\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBleeding from the gums\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eIncreased menstrual flow\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eExcessive bleeding from a cut or following a tooth extraction or other dental procedure\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBlood in the stool or urine\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBleeding from shaving with a razor or other similarly minor injury\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeople with von Willebrand disease may also experience:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eEasy bruising\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eBruises with lumps that form underneath the skin\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome people may realize that they have a bleeding disorder only after a surgical procedure or serious trauma in which excessive bleeding occurs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eSigns and symptoms of von Willebrand disease in women\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy menstrual bleeding is often the main sign of von Willebrand disease in women. However, women with von Willebrand disease may go undiagnosed because they're not overly concerned about their prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding. And doctors may overlook heavy menstrual bleeding as a possible indicator of von Willebrand disease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigns and symptoms of an abnormally heavy period that may indicate von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe presence in your menstrual flow of blood clots greater than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe need to change your menstrual pad or tampon more often than hourly\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eThe need to use double sanitary protection to control menstrual flow\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eSymptoms of anemia, including tiredness, fatigue or shortness of breath\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhen to see a doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eContact your doctor if you're experiencing extended or severe bleeding from any source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you're scheduled to have surgery (including dental procedures), make sure your doctor or dentist knows that you have von Willebrand disease, which can increase the likelihood of postsurgical bleeding. Also be sure to mention if anyone in your family has a history of excessive bleeding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsider wearing a medical ID bracelet noting that you have von Willebrand disease in case you are in an accident and are taken to an emergency room. Also carry a medical alert card in your wallet.\u003c/p\u003e","Causes":"\u003cp\u003eThe usual cause of von Willebrand disease is an inherited defect in the gene that controls von Willebrand factor, a protein that plays a key role in your blood-clotting process. When von Willebrand factor is scarce \u0026mdash; or not functioning properly because of structural abnormalities \u0026mdash; small blood cells called platelets cannot stick together properly, nor can they attach themselves normally to the blood vessel walls when an injury has occurred. The result is interference with the clotting process, and uncontrolled bleeding may persist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVon Willebrand factor carries an additional substance, called factor VIII, that helps stimulate clotting. Many people with von Willebrand disease also have low levels of factor VIII.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRarely, von Willebrand disease can develop later in life in people who didn't inherit an abnormal gene from a parent. This is known as acquired von Willebrand disease. The exact cause of this type of von Willebrand disease isn't clear. It may be an autoimmune disease, or it may be linked to a slow thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) or to certain medications, such as the anti-seizure medication valproic acid (Depakene) or the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro).\u003c/p\u003e","Risk factors":"\u003cp\u003eA family history of von Willebrand disease is the leading risk factor. A parent can pass the abnormal gene for the disease to his or her child.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost cases are \"autosomal dominant inherited\" disorders, which means you only need an abnormal gene from one parent to be affected. If you have the gene for von Willebrand disease, you have a 50 percent chance of transmitting this gene to your offspring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most severe form of the condition (type 3) is \"autosomal recessive,\" which means both of your parents have to pass an abnormal gene to you.\u003c/p\u003e","Complications":"\u003cp\u003eComplications of von Willebrand disease may include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnemia.\u003c/strong\u003e Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding can develop iron deficiency anemia.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwelling and pain.\u003c/strong\u003e If abnormal bleeding occurs in the joints or soft tissue, swelling and severe pain can result.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeath from bleeding.\u003c/strong\u003e When abnormal bleeding can't be controlled, it can become life-threatening and needs emergency medical attention.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Preparing for your appointment":"\u003cp\u003eYou're likely to start by seeing your family doctor if you suspect you have a bleeding problem. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of bleeding disorders (hematologist).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you're in the middle of a severe bleeding episode, your doctor may recommend immediate medical care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, including what to expect from the doctor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBe aware of any pre-appointment restrictions.\u003c/strong\u003e At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance. You may need to follow dietary restrictions or fast for eight to 10 hours if blood tests are scheduled.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down any bleeding signs or symptoms you've had,\u003c/strong\u003e including how often, its severity and for how long. For example, your doctor will want to know if you had a history of nosebleeds or easy bruising since childhood or \u0026mdash; for women \u0026mdash; if your periods have been extended and heavy since you first started menstruating.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down key personal information,\u003c/strong\u003e including any major stresses or recent changes \u0026mdash; both positive and negative \u0026mdash; in your life. Include a short description of your typical daily diet. Also mention any contact sports you've played and whether you ever developed excessive bruising after playing.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake a list of your key medical information,\u003c/strong\u003e including other medical problems for which you're being treated. Be sure to mention if any close relatives have a history of easy bleeding. Also write down the names of any medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox). If possible, bring all your medications with you in their original containers.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTake a family member or friend along.\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down questions to ask\u003c/strong\u003e your doctor.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor von Willebrand disease, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat's the most likely reason for my symptoms?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat treatment do you recommend, and how will you monitor whether or not it's working?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat are the possible side effects of the medications you're prescribing?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes this condition increase my risk of any other medical problems?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat steps will I need to take to prevent problems from surgery or dental procedures?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes this condition increase my risk of health problems during pregnancy and childbirth? Are treatment options available to reduce that risk?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eAre my children or other close relatives at increased risk of this condition?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo I need to avoid certain physical activities or types of exercise?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eI have these other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat to expect from your doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over points you want to talk about in-depth. Your doctor may ask:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhen did you first begin having episodes of prolonged or heavy bleeding?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHow often do you have an episode of heavy or prolonged bleeding, and how long do these episodes typically last?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you bruise easily or have recurrent nosebleeds? Did these symptoms begin in childhood?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had bleeding from a small wound that lasted more than 15 minutes or recurred during the week following the wound?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had a nosebleed that lasted more than 10 minutes or needed medical attention?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eFor women, for how many days do your menstrual periods last? How often do you have to change your tampon or sanitary pad during a period? Do you ever notice blood clots in your menstrual flow?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had blood in your stool that wasn't explained by a known medical problem, such as a stomach ulcer or colon polyp?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever needed medical attention for a bleeding problem during or after surgery, dental procedures, childbirth or injury?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had anemia or needed a blood transfusion?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you been diagnosed or treated for other medical problems, including liver or kidney disease, a blood or bone marrow disorder, or an abnormal blood platelet count?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you take pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen? What about blood-thinning medications, such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you take an antidepressant, such as citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil CR, Pexeva, others) or sertraline (Zoloft)?\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDoes anyone in your family have a history of bleeding problems?\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do in the meantime\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile you wait for your appointment, avoid pain relievers that may increase your risk of bleeding episodes, such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. If you need relief for routine aches and pains, try acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) instead.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteer clear of contact sports associated with a high risk of bruising or injury, such as football and hockey. If you have any medical or dental procedures scheduled, tell your doctor or dentist about your history of heavy bleeding from minor injuries. If a scheduled procedure is not urgent, reschedule it until after you've been evaluated for a possible underlying bleeding disorder.\u003c/p\u003e","Tests and diagnosis":"\u003cp\u003eBecause many people with von Willebrand disease have very mild signs, the condition can be difficult to diagnose. If you have any indication of a bleeding disorder, your doctor may refer you to a blood disorders specialist (hematologist). This doctor will perform specific blood tests to diagnose or rule out von Willebrand disease. These tests may be repeated to confirm that the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease is correct and to determine the disease type.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eClassifications of the disease\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are three major types of von Willebrand disease:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 1.\u003c/strong\u003e In this most common form of von Willebrand disease, levels of von Willebrand factor are low. In some people, levels of factor VIII also are low. Signs are usually mild.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 2.\u003c/strong\u003e In this type, which has several subtypes, the von Willebrand factor that is present doesn't function properly. Symptoms tend to be more significant.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 3.\u003c/strong\u003e In this rare type, von Willebrand factor is altogether absent and levels of factor VIII are low. Signs may be severe, such as bleeding into the joints and muscles.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcquired von Willebrand disease.\u003c/strong\u003e This type isn't inherited from your parents. It develops later in life, possibly due to an autoimmune disease, a thyroid condition or certain medications.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eDiagnostic tests\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn general, tests to diagnose von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical history and physical exam.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor will likely begin by asking detailed questions about your medical history since childhood, including specifics about past bleeding episodes. He or she will ask whether your parents or siblings have had bleeding problems. Your doctor will also check for bruises or other signs of recent bleeding.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood tests.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor likely will recommend a combination of blood tests to diagnose von Willebrand disease. The results of these tests can fluctuate in the same person over time due to factors such as stress, excessive exercise, blood transfusions, recent surgery and pregnancy. You may need to have the same tests more than once.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific blood tests your doctor may order include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVon Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen.\u003c/strong\u003e This test determines the level of von Willebrand factor in your blood by measuring the vWF protein (antigen).\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRistocetin cofactor activity.\u003c/strong\u003e This analysis of your blood demonstrates how well the von Willebrand factor works in your clotting process. Ristocetin, which is an antibiotic, is used in this laboratory testing and when added to a sample of your blood causes a reaction in your blood that may indicate von Willebrand disease.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor VIII clotting activity.\u003c/strong\u003e This test shows whether you have abnormally low levels and activity of factor VIII.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVon Willebrand factor multimers.\u003c/strong\u003e This test evaluates the specific structure of von Willebrand factor in your blood, its protein complexes (multimers) and how its molecules break down. This information helps identify the type of von Willebrand disease that's present.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlatelet function test (PFA-100).\u003c/strong\u003e This test measures how efficiently platelets are functioning in your blood.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of some of these tests may not be available right away because the tests are conducted in a specialized laboratory. When these findings are analyzed together, your doctor can make a definite diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf von Willebrand disease is present, your doctor may recommend that family members undergo the same or similar tests to determine if this condition runs in your family.\u003c/p\u003e","Treatments and drugs":"\u003cp\u003eEven though von Willebrand disease is a lifelong condition with no cure, your doctor can treat it effectively. Treatment may vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, as well as your response to previous therapy and other medications you may be taking. The most commonly used treatments for von Willebrand disease include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesmopressin (DDAVP).\u003c/strong\u003e This medication is administered by injection into a vein or, more commonly, through a nasal spray called Stimate. It's a synthetic hormone, similar to the natural hormone vasopressin, that controls bleeding by stimulating your body to release more von Willebrand factor already stored in the lining of your blood vessels \u0026mdash; thereby enhancing factor VIII levels. DDAVP is usually effective in people with type 1 and some subtypes of type 2 disease.\u003c/p\u003e    \u003cp\u003eMany doctors consider DDAVP the first treatment to use in the management of von Willebrand disease. Some women use the nasal spray at the beginning of their menstrual periods to control excessive bleeding. You can also use it before a minor surgical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e    \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReplacement therapies.\u003c/strong\u003e These consist of infusions of prepared doses of concentrated blood-clotting factors containing von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. They can be useful in all disease types, and your doctor may recommend them if DDAVP isn't effective or particularly if you need treatment for more-severe forms of the disease.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContraceptives.\u003c/strong\u003e These can be useful for controlling heavy bleeding during your menstrual periods. The estrogen hormones present in birth control pills can boost levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII activity. Another option your doctor may recommend is the placement in your uterus of a progesterone-containing contraceptive device, such as Mirena.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-fibrinolytic or clot-stabilizing medications.\u003c/strong\u003e These medications, such as aminocaproic acid (Amicar) and tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron; Lysteda, others), can slow down the breakdown of clotting factors. This can help keep a clot in place once it has formed, putting a stop to bleeding. Doctors often prescribe these drugs before or after a surgical procedure or tooth extraction.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFibrin sealants.\u003c/strong\u003e These substances, applied like a glue using syringes, are placed directly on a cut to curtail bleeding.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf your condition is mild, your doctor might recommend treatment only when you're undergoing surgery or dental extractions or when you've experienced trauma (in an automobile accident, for example).\u003c/p\u003e","Lifestyle and home remedies":"\u003cp\u003eTo reduce your risk of complications from von Willebrand disease, take these steps:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwitch pain relievers.\u003c/strong\u003e To help prevent bleeding episodes, don't take blood-thinning medications \u0026mdash; such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox) \u0026mdash; without the approval of your doctor. Your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) instead for routine aches and pains and for fever.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTell your doctors and dentist.\u003c/strong\u003e Let your doctors and dentist know that you have von Willebrand disease before you have any type of surgical procedure or receive a new medication prescription.\u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStay active.\u003c/strong\u003e Keep your weight at normal levels and stay physically active. However, avoid activities that could cause bruising (for example, football, wrestling and hockey). Safe activities that can keep your muscles flexible and joints healthy include walking, bicycling and swimming.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Prevention":"\u003cp\u003eBecause von Willebrand disease is usually an inherited disorder, consider having genetic counseling if you have a family history of this condition and you're planning to have children. If you carry the defective gene for von Willebrand disease, you can pass it on to your offspring, even if you don't have symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e"},"has_flash":false,"flash_content_url":null,"flash_content_height":null,"flash_content_width":null}