{"categories":"DiagnosableCondition,Adult,Gender Concept,Adult,BodyObject","keywords":"Mammary duct ectasia,45 to 64 middle,Female,19 to 44 younger,Breasts","abstract":"\u003cp\u003eMammary duct ectasia \u0026mdash; Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, causes of this noncancerous breast condition.\u003c/p\u003e","title":"Mammary duct ectasia","body":"\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eDefinition\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eMammary duct ectasia (ek-TAY-zhuh) occurs when a milk duct beneath your nipple becomes wider (dilated), the duct walls thicken and the duct fills with fluid. The milk duct can then become blocked or clogged with a thick, sticky substance. The condition often causes no symptoms, but some women may have nipple discharge, breast tenderness or inflammation of the clogged duct (periductal mastitis). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour chance of developing mammary duct ectasia \u0026mdash; with or without inflammation \u0026mdash; increases with age. Mammary duct ectasia usually improves without treatment. However, if symptoms persist despite self-care measures, you may need antibiotics or possibly surgery to remove the affected milk duct. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThough it's normal to worry about any changes in your breasts, mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastisis aren't risk factors for breast cancer. \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eSymptoms\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough mammary duct ectasia often doesn't cause signs and symptoms, you may experience: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA dirty white, greenish or black nipple discharge from one or both nipples \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eTenderness in the nipple or surrounding breast tissue \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eRedness of the nipple and sometimes the surrounding area \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA breast lump or thickening near the clogged duct \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA nipple that's turned inward (inverted) \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eA bacterial infection called mastitis also may develop in the affected milk duct and cause inflammation in the area around the nipple (areola) and fever. Signs and symptoms of mammary duct ectasia usually improve on their own. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhen to see a doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt's important for your doctor to promptly evaluate any changes in your breasts to rule out breast cancer. If you have symptoms of mammary duct ectasia \u0026mdash; especially unusual nipple discharge \u0026mdash; make an appointment with your doctor for evaluation. \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eCauses\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour breasts are made up of connective tissues that include a system of milk ducts \u0026mdash; tiny passages that carry milk to the nipples. Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple becomes wider (dilated), blocked or clogged with a sticky substance and inflamed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperts don't know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBreast tissue changes due to aging.\u003c/strong\u003e As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to blockage of a milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking.\u003c/strong\u003e Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNipple inversion.\u003c/strong\u003e A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that's newly inverted also could be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eComplications\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplications of mammary duct ectasia are usually minor and often more bothersome than serious. These may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNipple discharge.\u003c/strong\u003e Nipple discharge caused by mammary duct ectasia can be frustrating. Fluid leaking from your nipples can cause embarrassing wetness and staining on your clothes. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBreast discomfort.\u003c/strong\u003e Mammary duct ectasia can cause redness, swelling and tenderness around your nipples. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfection.\u003c/strong\u003e A bacterial infection (periductal mastitis) may develop in the affected milk duct, sometimes causing you to have pain in or around your nipple or to feel ill and have a fever. Untreated infection could lead to an abscess \u0026mdash; a collection of pus in your breast tissue \u0026mdash; which may require surgical drainage. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcern about breast cancer.\u003c/strong\u003e When you notice a change in your breast, you may worry that it's a sign of breast cancer, especially if you develop a hard lump around a milk duct affected by mammary duct ectasia. While it's important to get signs and symptoms checked out promptly, remember that mammary duct ectasia does not increase your risk of breast cancer. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003ePreparing for your appointment\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor evaluation of a new breast lump or changes in your breast, you're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. In some cases, based on a clinical breast exam or findings on an imaging test, you may be referred to a breast health specialist. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial evaluation will focus on your medical history, as well as signs and symptoms you're experiencing, including their relation to your menstrual cycle. To prepare for this discussion: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTake note of all your symptoms,\u003c/strong\u003e even if they seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReview key personal information,\u003c/strong\u003e including major stresses or recent life changes. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake a list of all medications,\u003c/strong\u003e vitamins and supplements that you regularly take. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down questions to ask your doctor,\u003c/strong\u003e listing questions from most important to least important, in case time runs out. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor mammary duct ectasia, here are some questions you might ask your doctor: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat's causing my symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWill this condition resolve itself, or will I need treatment? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat treatment approach do you recommend? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eIs there an over-the-counter medication I can take for pain relief? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat self-care measures can I try? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you have printed information I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend? \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat to expect from your doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour doctor may ask you a number of questions, such as: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHow long have you experienced symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave your symptoms changed over time? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you experience breast pain? How severe? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you have nipple discharge? How would you describe the color, consistency and amount? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo your symptoms occur in one or both breasts? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you had a fever? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhen was your last mammogram? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever been diagnosed with a precancerous breast condition? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had a breast biopsy or been diagnosed with a benign breast condition? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHas your mother, a sister or anyone else in your family had breast cancer? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eTests and diagnosis\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on information you provide to your doctor and the results of a physical exam, you might need to have additional tests, which may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnostic ultrasound of the nipple and areola.\u003c/strong\u003e An ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of breast tissue. It allows your doctor to evaluate the milk ducts beneath your nipple. A diagnostic ultrasound lets your doctor focus on an area of suspicion. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnostic mammography.\u003c/strong\u003e Mammography provides X-ray images of your breast and can help your doctor evaluate your breast tissue. A diagnostic mammogram provides more detailed views of a specific area of your breast than a screening mammogram does. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eTreatments and drugs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eMammary duct ectasia often improves without treatment. If your symptoms are bothersome, however, treatment options may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotics.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor may prescribe a 10- to 14-day course of antibiotics to treat any infection caused by mammary duct ectasia. Even if your symptoms greatly improve or disappear completely, it's important to take the entire course of medication. While waiting for the antibiotics to take effect, you may want to take a mild pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), as needed for breast discomfort. Follow your doctor's recommendation on which pain reliever is best for you. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurgery.\u003c/strong\u003e If antibiotics and self-care methods don't work, the affected milk duct may be surgically removed. This procedure is done through a tiny incision at the edge of the colored tissue around your nipple (areola). However, surgery rarely is needed for mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='section'\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHead'\u003eLifestyle and home remedies\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class='SectionHTML'\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo relieve discomfort associated with mammary duct ectasia, you might try these self-care measures: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApply warm compresses.\u003c/strong\u003e A warm compress applied to your nipple area may reduce pain and swelling. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWear a breast pad.\u003c/strong\u003e If you have nipple discharge, wear a breast pad or nursing pad to keep the fluid from leaking through your clothing. These pads are available at drugstores and many retail stores that sell baby-care products. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWear a support bra.\u003c/strong\u003e Wear a bra with good support to minimize breast discomfort. A well-fitting bra can also help keep a breast pad in place to absorb nipple discharge. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleep on the opposite side.\u003c/strong\u003e Try to avoid sleeping on the same side of your body as your affected breast. This can help prevent further discomfort and swelling. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStop smoking.\u003c/strong\u003e Smoking may make it harder to treat an infection, and ongoing smoking may result in recurrent infections or an abscess. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","doc_id":"CON-20025073","object_id":"b9fe92fa-c06a-4cb8-b1e6-bbbf2369c8bf","updated_at":"2012-06-02","meta_keywords":"","benefit_summary":"","sections":{"Definition":"\u003cp\u003eMammary duct ectasia (ek-TAY-zhuh) occurs when a milk duct beneath your nipple becomes wider (dilated), the duct walls thicken and the duct fills with fluid. The milk duct can then become blocked or clogged with a thick, sticky substance. The condition often causes no symptoms, but some women may have nipple discharge, breast tenderness or inflammation of the clogged duct (periductal mastitis). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour chance of developing mammary duct ectasia \u0026mdash; with or without inflammation \u0026mdash; increases with age. Mammary duct ectasia usually improves without treatment. However, if symptoms persist despite self-care measures, you may need antibiotics or possibly surgery to remove the affected milk duct. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThough it's normal to worry about any changes in your breasts, mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastisis aren't risk factors for breast cancer. \u003c/p\u003e","Symptoms":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough mammary duct ectasia often doesn't cause signs and symptoms, you may experience: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA dirty white, greenish or black nipple discharge from one or both nipples \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eTenderness in the nipple or surrounding breast tissue \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eRedness of the nipple and sometimes the surrounding area \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA breast lump or thickening near the clogged duct \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eA nipple that's turned inward (inverted) \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eA bacterial infection called mastitis also may develop in the affected milk duct and cause inflammation in the area around the nipple (areola) and fever. Signs and symptoms of mammary duct ectasia usually improve on their own. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhen to see a doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt's important for your doctor to promptly evaluate any changes in your breasts to rule out breast cancer. If you have symptoms of mammary duct ectasia \u0026mdash; especially unusual nipple discharge \u0026mdash; make an appointment with your doctor for evaluation. \u003c/p\u003e","Causes":"\u003cp\u003eYour breasts are made up of connective tissues that include a system of milk ducts \u0026mdash; tiny passages that carry milk to the nipples. Mammary duct ectasia occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple becomes wider (dilated), blocked or clogged with a sticky substance and inflamed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperts don't know exactly what causes mammary duct ectasia. Some speculate the cause to be associated with: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBreast tissue changes due to aging.\u003c/strong\u003e As you age, the composition of your breast tissue changes from mostly glandular to mostly fatty in a process called involution. These normal breast changes can sometimes lead to blockage of a milk duct and the inflammation associated with mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking.\u003c/strong\u003e Cigarette smoking may be associated with widening of milk ducts, which can lead to inflammation and, possibly, mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNipple inversion.\u003c/strong\u003e A newly inverted nipple may obstruct milk ducts, causing inflammation and infection. A nipple that's newly inverted also could be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Complications":"\u003cp\u003eComplications of mammary duct ectasia are usually minor and often more bothersome than serious. These may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNipple discharge.\u003c/strong\u003e Nipple discharge caused by mammary duct ectasia can be frustrating. Fluid leaking from your nipples can cause embarrassing wetness and staining on your clothes. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBreast discomfort.\u003c/strong\u003e Mammary duct ectasia can cause redness, swelling and tenderness around your nipples. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfection.\u003c/strong\u003e A bacterial infection (periductal mastitis) may develop in the affected milk duct, sometimes causing you to have pain in or around your nipple or to feel ill and have a fever. Untreated infection could lead to an abscess \u0026mdash; a collection of pus in your breast tissue \u0026mdash; which may require surgical drainage. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcern about breast cancer.\u003c/strong\u003e When you notice a change in your breast, you may worry that it's a sign of breast cancer, especially if you develop a hard lump around a milk duct affected by mammary duct ectasia. While it's important to get signs and symptoms checked out promptly, remember that mammary duct ectasia does not increase your risk of breast cancer. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Preparing for your appointment":"\u003cp\u003eFor evaluation of a new breast lump or changes in your breast, you're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. In some cases, based on a clinical breast exam or findings on an imaging test, you may be referred to a breast health specialist. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat you can do\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial evaluation will focus on your medical history, as well as signs and symptoms you're experiencing, including their relation to your menstrual cycle. To prepare for this discussion: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTake note of all your symptoms,\u003c/strong\u003e even if they seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReview key personal information,\u003c/strong\u003e including major stresses or recent life changes. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake a list of all medications,\u003c/strong\u003e vitamins and supplements that you regularly take. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrite down questions to ask your doctor,\u003c/strong\u003e listing questions from most important to least important, in case time runs out. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor mammary duct ectasia, here are some questions you might ask your doctor: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat's causing my symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWill this condition resolve itself, or will I need treatment? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat treatment approach do you recommend? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eIs there an over-the-counter medication I can take for pain relief? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat self-care measures can I try? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you have printed information I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend? \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhat to expect from your doctor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour doctor may ask you a number of questions, such as: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHow long have you experienced symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave your symptoms changed over time? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you experience breast pain? How severe? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo you have nipple discharge? How would you describe the color, consistency and amount? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eDo your symptoms occur in one or both breasts? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you had a fever? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhen was your last mammogram? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever been diagnosed with a precancerous breast condition? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHave you ever had a breast biopsy or been diagnosed with a benign breast condition? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eHas your mother, a sister or anyone else in your family had breast cancer? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003eWhat, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Tests and diagnosis":"\u003cp\u003eBased on information you provide to your doctor and the results of a physical exam, you might need to have additional tests, which may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnostic ultrasound of the nipple and areola.\u003c/strong\u003e An ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of breast tissue. It allows your doctor to evaluate the milk ducts beneath your nipple. A diagnostic ultrasound lets your doctor focus on an area of suspicion. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnostic mammography.\u003c/strong\u003e Mammography provides X-ray images of your breast and can help your doctor evaluate your breast tissue. A diagnostic mammogram provides more detailed views of a specific area of your breast than a screening mammogram does. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Treatments and drugs":"\u003cp\u003eMammary duct ectasia often improves without treatment. If your symptoms are bothersome, however, treatment options may include: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotics.\u003c/strong\u003e Your doctor may prescribe a 10- to 14-day course of antibiotics to treat any infection caused by mammary duct ectasia. Even if your symptoms greatly improve or disappear completely, it's important to take the entire course of medication. While waiting for the antibiotics to take effect, you may want to take a mild pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), as needed for breast discomfort. Follow your doctor's recommendation on which pain reliever is best for you. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurgery.\u003c/strong\u003e If antibiotics and self-care methods don't work, the affected milk duct may be surgically removed. This procedure is done through a tiny incision at the edge of the colored tissue around your nipple (areola). However, surgery rarely is needed for mammary duct ectasia. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","Lifestyle and home remedies":"\u003cp\u003eTo relieve discomfort associated with mammary duct ectasia, you might try these self-care measures: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApply warm compresses.\u003c/strong\u003e A warm compress applied to your nipple area may reduce pain and swelling. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWear a breast pad.\u003c/strong\u003e If you have nipple discharge, wear a breast pad or nursing pad to keep the fluid from leaking through your clothing. These pads are available at drugstores and many retail stores that sell baby-care products. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWear a support bra.\u003c/strong\u003e Wear a bra with good support to minimize breast discomfort. A well-fitting bra can also help keep a breast pad in place to absorb nipple discharge. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleep on the opposite side.\u003c/strong\u003e Try to avoid sleeping on the same side of your body as your affected breast. This can help prevent further discomfort and swelling. \u003c/li\u003e    \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStop smoking.\u003c/strong\u003e Smoking may make it harder to treat an infection, and ongoing smoking may result in recurrent infections or an abscess. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e"},"has_flash":false,"flash_content_url":null,"flash_content_height":null,"flash_content_width":null}